Aminet 31/Aminet 31 (1999)(Schatztruhe)[!][Jun 1999].iso/Aminet/docs/help/c.s.a.i-FAQ.lha/csa-Intro-FAQ.txt

Text File | 1999-03-01 | 72.7 KB | 1,844 lines

THE OFFICIAL comp.sys.amiga.introduction FAQ
(last updated on March 1, 1999)

DISCLAIMER:  This information is intended to be helpful. However, I
can't be responsible for errors, omissions, typos, or sheer stupidity.
If your computer explodes in a fiery mass of molten metal, and your
dog catches fire and runs around the house lighting everything up,
reducing your house to a smoldering ruin, it's your fault, not mine.
You shouldn't have let him sleep by the computer in the first place!

[Changes since the last update:
- Removed THANKS section to cut down slightly on the size of the FAQ.

- 12. AMIGA MAGAZINES
   * Removed Amiga Report and Amiga Informer magazines.
]

NOTE:  If you would like to have the hypertext (AmigaGuide) version of this
document, then please Email me ([e-mail]) and request it, or go to
Aminet and look for the file c.s.a.i-FAQ_g.lha in the docs/help directory.
You will have to have AmigaGuide or Multiview in order to use this version of
the FAQ.

CORRECTIONS and SUGGESTIONS:  Did you find any spelling or information errors
in this FAQ?

Do you have any ideas or suggestions that you feel would improve this FAQ?

If so, please Email me and let me know -- I'm always open to new ideas and
even criticism. :-)


  -- CONTENTS --

1. THE BASICS
 * What are:  Kickstart, Workbench, AmigaDOS, and what's the
   difference?
 * What are screens?
 * What is this multitasking stuff all about?
 * But I thought Windows95 invented multitasking?

2. THE HARDWARE
 * What models of Amigas are there?
 * What are:  OCS, ECS, and AGA?
 * What are:  EHB6, EHB8, HAM6, and HAM8?
 * What's the difference between CHIP RAM and FAST RAM?
 * How much RAM is in my Amiga?
 * Can I use a VGA monitor on my Amiga?
 * What's this PAL and NTSC stuff all about?
 * Can I get 24-bit graphics displays on my Amiga?

3. THE OPERATING SYSTEM
 * What is the newest version of the Amiga OS?
 * What version of the operating system is my computer running?
 * Should I upgrade to OS 3.1?
 * What is involved in an Operating System upgrade?
 * What versions of the Operating System will work on my computer?

4. BASIC CONCEPTS
 * What is a Device?
 * What is a Volume?
 * What is a Partition?
 * What is an Assign?
 * What are all these files ending in ".info"?
 * What are all these files ending in ".library"?

5. USING THE WORKBENCH
 * When I click on an "install" icon, it says "Can't open
   your tool Installer". Why?
 * How do I change the image used for an icon?
 * I've formatted a Zip/EZ disk, and now I have two icons. What's
   going on?

6. USING THE SHELL
 * How do I open a Shell?
 * General Information.
 * Where are the commands located?
 * What are argument templates?
 * Using Escape characters.
 * I/O redirection.
 * The powerful LFORMAT command.
 * What are some of the most basic AmigaDOS commands I should know?

7. SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION
 * How do I make the floppy drive stop all that clicking?
 * How do I keep lame install scripts from overwriting my LIBS: with
   older versions of libraries than I already have?
 * How do I know what version a library is?

8. UPGRADES
 * Can I use an Iomega Zip or SyQuest EZ drive on my Amiga?
 * What's the most cost-effective way to make my unexpanded Amiga
   faster?
 * What kind of hard drives work with the built-in controller in the
   A1200?
 * My accelerator can take 72-pin SIMMs. What kind do I need? What
   about parity & EDO?

9. THIRD-PARTY SOFTWARE
 * What is MUI?
 * Why is everyone always arguing about MUI?
 * What is Directory Opus?
 * What is Executive?
 * What is ixemul.library?
 * What is ADE?

10. THE INTERNET
 * What kind of modems will work with the Amiga?
 * How fast can I make the serial port go?
 * But the Serial Preferences editor doesn't go up that high!
 * What is LhA? How do I use all these files with .lha extensions?
 * What is Aminet?
 * Where are the Aminet mirror sites?
 * How is Aminet organized?
 * Can I run Netscape Navigator?
 * Netscape is evil. I want an Amiga browser.

11. DEALING WITH OTHER PLATFORMS
 * Can I read Amiga disks on a PC?
 * Can my Amiga read PC disks?
 * Can the Amiga read Macintosh disks?
 * Can I transfer files from Amiga to Mac and vice-versa without
   getting special software like CrossMac?
 * When I transfer graphics from the Amiga to the PC/Mac, they end up
   squashed! When I transfer them from a PC/Mac to the Amiga, they end
   up elongated vertically! What do I do?
 * When I transfer a text file from the Amiga to the PC, it comes
   out all messed up, as if it doesn't know where the lines are
   supposed to end. What do I do?
 * What is Shapeshifter?
 * Where do I get a Mac ROM from?

12. AMIGA MAGAZINES
 * What is Amazing Amiga Computing (Informer) magazine and how can I
   get it?


1. THE BASICS

** What is:  Kickstart, Workbench, AmigaDOS, and what's the
   difference?

Kickstart is the part of the OS (Operating System) software which is
resident in the ROM chip. When you boot the computer, it "kickstarts"
it. Many frequently used functions and commands are contained in the
Kickstart ROM. This helps to speed up some system functions because
the commands can be quickly retrieved from the ROM, rather than
from a slower hard drive or floppy disk.

Workbench is the file manager for the Amiga. By using Workbench,
you can:  open windows for the directories (or "drawers") on your
disks, run programs, set preferences, etc., all by use of a mouse-
driven graphical interface (Intuition.)

AmigaDOS is the Disk Operating System portion of the OS, which is
responsible for input and output to disks and devices, the file
system, and so on.

** What are screens?

One area where the Amiga excels above all other platforms is in how
screens are manipulated. An Amiga is capable of presenting multiple
screens in the same way another computer can open multiple windows.
For example, a window has a title bar which allows the window to be
dragged horizontally, diagonally, or vertically. The Amiga adds to
this by adding a title bar to the top of the display area, which
allows the entire screen to also be dragged vertically, horizontally,
or diagonally. In moving a screen, all windows also move with that
screen. If a screen is opened behind the front screen, the contents of
both screens are shown.

When dragging a window on most systems, a small rubber-band or outline
of the window is drawn. When dragging Amiga screens, however, the
entire bitmap is dragged. In fact, dragging a screen moves data more
smoothly and faster than dragging an individual window.

Screens can have palettes independent of other screens, so a Workbench
screen can use one palette of 256 colors while a paint program behind
it can have a different palette of 256 colors.

Screens can have resolutions independent of other screens. For
example, It is possible to open the Workbench in 640x400 and open a
video titling program in 1280x400.

Screens can have screenmodes independent of other screens. It is
possible to open one screen in 640x400 interlaced, another in 320x200
non-interlaced, another in 1432x478 interlaced overscan, another in
320x512 interlaced PAL in 8 bitplanes, and another in a programmable
resolution such as 100x100 in 3 bitplanes, etc.

It is possible to perform graphics operations behind screens. A 256
color paint program can open a small palette along the bottom of the
screen with a palette of 262,144 colors and allow you to draw behind
the toolbox, or clip and paste graphics behind the toolbox. A screen
can also render all of its gadgets behind other screens and then push
to the front when it is done rendering.

Screens can be attached to other screens. When a parent screen is
dragged, all children will drag with it. A child screen can be dragged
independent of the other screens. When a parent screen is pushed, all
children are pushed with it. When a child screen is pushed, it moves
independent of the other screens; however, within the domain of the
parent screen, such that the parent screen is always behind all
children.

Screens can be arranged in any order just as windows.

Screens can be animated by pushing a newly drawn screen to the front
and drawing the next frame in a screen behind all other screens. Then
when the back screen is rendered, it may be pushed to the front.

** What is this multitasking stuff all about?

Multitasking means that you can run more than one program at a time.
Without getting too deep into the technical stuff, what happens is
that the operating system shares the CPU time between different
programs.

On the Amiga this means that you can do more than one thing at one
time. For example, you can start formatting a floppy disk, and while
it's formatting you can flip to your word processor and type away.

** But I thought Windows95 invented multitasking?

Don't believe everything you read, especially if it comes from
Microsoft. The Amiga was multitasking ten years before Windows95.


2. THE HARDWARE

** What models of Amigas are there?

A1000 - The first Amiga, this one is now obsolete. This model uses a
68000 CPU.

A500 - A "one-piece" model (keyboard attached) with a numeric keypad
and an expansion slot on the left side, plus a "trapdoor" slot in the
bottom for RAM expansion. It came with the Original Chip Set (OCS) and
was surprisingly expandable. This model uses a 68000 CPU.

A500+ - An updated version of the A500, with one megabyte (MB) of RAM,
able to expand to 2 MBs of CHIP RAM, and the Enhanced Chip Set (ECS).
This model uses a 68000 CPU.

A600 - Another "one-piece" model, without a numeric keypad, but with a
slot for PCMCIA cards. The problem with this one is that the chips are
surface-mounted on the motherboard (with the exception of the OS ROM),
so it's not as easy to do simple repairs or upgrade the chips as with
socketed motherboards. This model uses a 68000 CPU.

A1200 - The current low-end model, a "one-piece" with a numeric
keypad, but smaller than the A500. It has an expansion slot and a
slot for PCMCIA cards, plus a "trapdoor" for RAM expansion. It is an
Advanced Graphics Architecture (AGA) chipset machine. This model uses
a 68EC020 CPU.

A2000 - A "big-box" Amiga with a separate keyboard. It has 5 Zorro II
slots and 4 ISA slots inside for expansion, plus a Video slot and a
CPU slot for processor upgrades. This model uses a 68000 CPU.

A1500 - A version of the A2000, European only. This model uses a 68000
CPU.

A2500 - A version of the A2000, I believe it was North American only.
It came with a 68020 CPU and a SCSI (pronounced:  scuzzy) hard drive
interface.

A3000 - A smaller "big-box" model than the A2000. It has Zorro III
slots, which are 32-bit, and ISA slots, plus the Video and CPU slots.
It also has a built-in SCSI interface and a VGA monitor connector.
This model uses a 68030 CPU at 16 or 25 MHz. depending on the model.

A3000T - A tower version of the A3000. Not many of these were made.
This model uses a 68030 CPU.

A4000 - A "big-box" AGA machine, with Zorro III, ISA, and Video slots.
The processor is on a daughterboard, so it can easily be replaced with
a faster-processor version. This model uses a 68030 or 68040 CPU
depending on the model.

A4000T - A tower version of the A4000, this is the current high-end
model. This model uses a 68040 CPU.

If you would like a complete list of all Amiga models with detailed
specs, please Email me ([e-mail]) and I'd be happy to forward
it to you. The list would make this FAQ even longer than it already
is, so I think this is the best way of doing it at this time.

** What are:  OCS, ECS, and AGA?

The Amiga custom chips come in three versions. The OCS (Original Chip
Set) was used primarily from 1985 to 1992. In 1989 Commodore released
the ECS (Enhanced Chip Set.) Finally, in 1992 the AGA (Advanced
Graphics Architecture) was released.

So, if someone asks you which custom chip set your Amiga has, you will
reply with:  OCS, ECS, or AGA.

** What are:  EHB6, EHB8, HAM6, and HAM8?

EHB6

EHB6 is the original Extended Halfbrite mode found on most Amigas.
The original A1000 did not include support for EHB6 mode, however,
later versions of the A1000 did include support for the EHB6 mode. All
machines since then support EHB6. You can test your EHB6 mode by
opening an EHB6 screen and viewing the palette. If the second set of
32 colors is identical to the first 32, then you do not have EHB6.

EHB6 allows the Amiga to double the number of colors allowed by using
half the intensity of every available color. The original EHB6 mode
supports 64 colors, of which 32 are base colors and 32 are half the
intensity of the first 32 colors. There is an AGA version of the EHB6
mode, called EHB8.

EHB8

EHB8 is the AGA version of the EHB6 mode. This allows the Amiga to
double the number of colors by using half the intensity of every
available color. This mode supports 256 colors, of which 128 colors
are half the intensity of the first 128 colors.

HAM6

HAM6 is the original Hold And Modify mode supported by the OCS, ECS,
and AGA Chip Sets. This uses 6 bits per plane to simulate 12 bits
using internal hardware compression. HAM6 uses 4 bits for base colors
and 2 bits to control and modify the base colors to produce more
colors. By using only base colors, HAM6 has a nice clear display,
however taking advantage of the 12-bit palette causes fringing of the
display. This means that some pixels will affect the color of the
pixels next to them. A good HAM6 routine will show very little
fringing, while a poor HAM6 routine will show excessive fringing.

HAM6 is supported by OCS and ECS only in low resolution. However, AGA
supports HAM6 in all resolutions. HAM6 is the slowest graphics mode
on OCS and ECS machines and supports 4096 colors from a palette of
4096 colors.

HAM8

HAM8 is similar to HAM6, yet supports more colors and more bitplanes.
HAM8 is only supported by the AGA Chip Set. This uses 8 bits per plane
to simulate 18 bits using internal hardware compression. HAM8 uses 6
bits for base colors and 2 bits to control and modify the base colors.
Although this causes fringing, this is mostly unnoticeable especially
when using higher resolutions. Some pixels may affect the pixels next
to them.

HAM8 is supported by the AGA Chip Set in any resolution and supports
262,144 colors from a palette of 16,777,216 colors. HAM8 is the
slowest graphics mode on AGA machines, yet produces very astonishing
pictures that closely resemble 24-bit pictures. It is possible to
simulate and display 24-bit pictures with no loss of data using
software and hardware tricks.

** What's the difference between CHIP RAM and FAST RAM?

CHIP RAM is RAM that can be directly accessed by the Amiga's custom
chips without having to use the CPU. This RAM is where graphics and
sound data must be stored in order to be used. You can think of it as
similar to display RAM on a PC, but this is not entirely accurate
because it is used for purposes other than graphics; in fact, it can
be used to store programs and data just like any other RAM in the
system. Low-end Amigas, such as an unexpanded A1200, have only
CHIP RAM as standard.

CHIP RAM is limited to a maximum of 2 MBs, and expanding it is not as
simple as installing more RAM in most machines. The actual CHIP RAM
limit on your particular machine (OCS or ECS) is determined by the
Agnus chip. If you have a "Fatter" Agnus, you can have as much as 1 MB
of CHIP RAM. The "Obese" Agnus allows a full 2 MBs. You cannot simply
replace your 1 MB Agnus chip with the 2 MB version; you must install a
board such as the DKB MegACHIP in most OCS- and ECS-based machines.
AGA Amigas (the A1200 and A4000) come with the replacement chip for
Agnus, called Alice. Alice provides AGA-based machines with access to
2 MBs CHIP RAM standard. You can read my review of the MegACHIP board
in Amiga Report magazine issue 3.06 (ar306.lha), which is available on
the Aminet in the docs/mags directory.

CHIP RAM is slower than FAST RAM. Amigas with only CHIP RAM will
therefore run slower than expanded Amigas. If FAST RAM is installed,
programs will use it first, only using CHIP RAM if there is no FAST
RAM available.

FAST RAM can be accessed only by the CPU, so it can't be used for
graphics display (unless a 24-bit graphics board is present) or sound
playing. However, as the name suggests, this type of RAM is faster and
is thus preferred for storing programs and data.

** How much RAM is in my Amiga?

Open a Shell and type the command "avail" (without the quotes.) It
will show you the amount of RAM currently free, the amount being
used, the total amount installed on the system, and the size of the
largest contiguous block of free RAM, for CHIP RAM, FAST RAM, and
the total for the system.

I just opened a Shell and typed "avail", and it looks like this:

Type  Available    In-Use   Maximum   Largest
chip    1848928    244128   2093056   1706288
fast   43594320  14601648  58195968  42401752
total  45443248  14845776  60289024  42401752

The numbers are in bytes. Looking at the Maximum column, you can see
that I have 2 MBs of CHIP RAM and 58 MBs of FAST RAM installed, for
a total of 60 MBs of RAM.

** Can I use a VGA monitor with my Amiga?

The cheap VGA monitors for PC's support only the one VGA scan rate.
The Amiga uses a much lower scan rate for its normal video modes
(low-res, high-res, etc.), which are actually the same scan rates used
for video. VGA monitors cannot display these modes.

However, if you have the ECS or AGA chipset, you can produce video
modes which are compatible with VGA. You will find a VGA-Only
monitor driver included with the OS. The problem with this approach is
that you will be limited to using only those modes. None of the
standard modes will display, which will prevent you from using almost
any games, lots of other software, the Early Startup Menu, or the
Alert screens which appear when your computer crashes.

You can get devices called Flicker Fixers or Display Enhancers,
though, which will translate your video modes to rates which can be
displayed by VGA monitors. Why? Because using the higher scan rates
of VGA monitors is easier on the eyes. However, these devices are
rather expensive. But, by using one, you will be able to use all
screen modes.

If you have an A3000, you can ignore everything above. The A3000 has a
VGA monitor output which will allow you to use a VGA monitor for any
display mode -- the equivalent of a Flicker Fixer. Just plug it in and
go.

The final, and best, solution is to get a 24-bit display board, and a
real multisync monitor. Multisync monitors are not limited to just one
or two scan rates, like VGA or Super-VGA monitors; they are capable of
displaying any frequency within a certain range. Combining a multisync
monitor with a graphics board, such as a Picasso IV or a CyberVision
64/3D, will make a powerful graphics machine out of your Amiga. You
can read my review of the Picasso IV board in Amiga Report magazine
issue 5.04 (ar504.lha), which is available on the Aminet in the
docs/mags directory, or you can read it in the June 1997 issue of
Amazing Amiga Computing magazine.

If you go this route, however, you need to get a multisync monitor
which can display scan rates down to 15 kHz. Few of them do any more,
so make sure to check the specs before buying from a PC store where
they won't know what you're talking about. You can ignore this
limitation if you also have a flicker fixer installed or you buy the
Picasso IV, which has one built-in. The CyberVision 64/3D has an
optional flicker fixer available for the A4000 only. All you would
need then is a monitor that can scan down to 30 kHz.

** What's this PAL and NTSC stuff all about?

Video signals for television in North America are different from those
used in Europe. North America uses the NTSC system, and most European
countries, as well as many others, use the PAL system. Since the Amiga
uses video-based screen modes, they are made for the different modes
according to the country.

The main differences between the two modes are resolution and frame
rate. NTSC displays have 200 lines vertically, or 400 in interlaced
mode, and displays 29.97 frames (59.94 fields) per second (most people
round it off to 30). PAL uses 256, or 512 interlaced, with a frame
rate of 25 frames per second (50 fields).

If you have the ECS chipset, you can switch your display between the
two modes using the Screenmode Prefs program, in the Prefs
drawer. You can also switch from the default screenmode at boot time
with the Early Startup Menu, which you access by holding down both
mouse buttons when booting.

Some programs, most notably games, which are not fully OS-compliant,
only support one of the modes. Many of the games on Aminet, for
example, are PAL only. If you have an NTSC machine, you will be able
to use most, but not all, of them as long as you have the ECS or AGA
chipset and at least 1 MB of CHIP RAM.

This method of switching to NTSC or PAL modes is only used to make
software work which is designed for the other standard. It's not
sufficient if you want to use an Amiga with hardware video equipment
from the other standard. For this purpose, you would have to rework
your Amiga's motherboard to a high degree, e.g. change the main
crystal.

** Can I get 24-bit graphics displays on my Amiga?

Yes. There are many third-party graphics boards available for the
Amiga which will allow you to run Workbench and most other programs in
full color.

If you do purchase a 24-bit graphics board, make sure that it either
comes prepackaged with the CyberGraphX (pronounced:  cyber graphics)
or the Picasso96 software packages. Either of these software packages
will allow you to take full advantage of your graphics card. You will
also need Workbench 3.x in order to take advantage of one of these
wonderful cards.

Believe me, there's nothing like running your Workbench on a 1024x768
screen in 256 colors! You can also browse the World Wide Web (WWW)
and run most programs in 256 or more glorious colors.

An Amiga with a 24-bit graphics card makes an AGA machine look very
sick in comparison. It will be much faster than any AGA machine in
Workbench emulation. The only disadvantage is not being able to run
the vast majority of AGA games, unless they support CyberGraphX and/or
Picasso96.


3. THE OPERATING SYSTEM

** What is the newest version of the Amiga OS?

The newest release is 3.1, also known as "version 40".

** What version of the operating system is my computer running?

There are several ways to try to discover which OS version you have
installed.

Look for a pull-down menu item on the Workbench screen labelled
"About". Selecting it should bring up a little requester with some
version information in it.

Also, if you open a Shell window (see basic operations, and using the
Shell) and type "version", you should get some version numbers.

Finally, the version numbers are usually printed to the screen when
you boot your computer.

The version numbers may not be numbers like "OS 2.1", however.
The software version numbers translate into OS releases as follows:

40 = 3.1
39 = 3.0
38 = 2.1
37 = 2.04, 2.05
36 = 2.0
35 = ?? (Special Kickstart for A2024 monitors)
34 = 1.3
33 = 1.2
32 = 1.1 (PAL only)
31 = 1.1 (NTSC only)
30 = 1.0

For example, typing "version" in the Shell on my system produces:

  Kickstart 40.63, Workbench 40.42

This means I'm running OS 3.1.

** Should I upgrade to OS 3.1?

Short answer:  Yes. Do it now.

If you are running OS 1.3, or anything older than that, upgrading to
3.1 will be like getting a whole new computer. It will look better,
work better, and do more. Also, 1.3 won't run many of the newer
programs, and it won't get you very far on the Internet.

If you have 2.0, 2.04, or 2.05, the answer is still a definite yes.
The look won't be too much different, but the added functionality will
be worth it, especially if English isn't your first language and you
want Locale support.

Another option is finding a 2.1 kit somewhere and going to that
instead of 3.1. However, the price of a new 2.1 kit is high enough
that you would be better advised to spend a few extra dollars and go
all the way to 3.1. There's no point in staying behind the latest
software, and it won't be long before newer versions are out and 2.1
may not be supported much any more.

The upgrade from 2.1 to 3.1 might seem like less of an upgrade, but I
would still suggest it in all cases. You can read my comparison review
between OS 2.1 and 3.1 in Amiga Report magazine issue 2.30
(ar230.lha), which is available on the Aminet in the docs/mags
directory.

Going from 3.0 to 3.1 is a tougher question. (You can't upgrade to
3.0. It came standard with the A1200's and A4000's.) It might
not be worth it to pay the full price for a 3.1 kit for such an
incremental upgrade. If you intend to develop software, I'd still say
definitely upgrade. If you are one of those people who loves to have
the latest stuff, then go for it. You can actually buy the 3.1
software only, and use it with your 3.0 ROM. Otherwise, if it's a
choice between a 3.1 kit and perhaps some more RAM, then you might be
better off with the RAM for now.

** What is involved in an Operating System upgrade?

The Amiga OS consists of the software, which comes on floppy disks,
and a ROM chip, which you have to install inside the computer. The ROM
is known as a "Kickstart" ROM, and it contains some of the system code
and libraries, so that it is always available to the system.

In order to upgrade your operating system, you have to replace the ROM
chip inside the computer, EXCEPT if you are upgrading to 2.1 from 2.04
or 2.05. OS 2.1 was a software-only upgrade, and you can use either
the 2.04 or 2.05 ROM chip with it. There is NO 2.1 ROM chip.

It is also possible to upgrade to the OS 3.1 software using a 3.0 ROM
chip, but you will lose a few features of the 3.1 upgrade, including
the built-in CD-ROM support.

Upgrading an older model A500's Kickstart chip may require soldering a
wire between two of the legs on the chip. The chip should, however,
come with the wire in place; if it does, you will need to cut it in
order to use it on a newer (revision 6+) A500 or on an A2000.

** What versions of the Operating System will work on my computer?

You can upgrade any Amiga to a newer OS version by replacing the ROM
chip, or by using a softkick-type program, and installing the new
software.

OS 3.1 is available in versions for the A500/A2000, A1200, A600,
A3000, and A4000. When you order it you must specify which
computer it is for (the A500 and A2000 use the same chip).

The Commodore A1200 and A4000 came with OS 3.0 installed. There
are no 3.0 ROMs for other machines.


4. BASIC CONCEPTS

** What is a Device?

A device can be a "Physical" device, such as a hard disk or a printer,
or it can be a "Logical" device, like a RAM disk, which exists in
software. In general, the Amiga doesn't need to care whether a device
is Logical or Physical. The Amiga also doesn't make a distinction
between disk Devices and other types of Devices; the difference
between a disk Device and any other device is that a disk Device will
have a Filesystem installed on it.

Devices are referred to by a unique name followed by a colon. Some
examples of devices are:

DF0:  The first floppy drive on the system.
DF1:  The second floppy drive on the system.
DH0:  The first hard drive on the system. (The name may be different.)
PAR:  Any device connected to the parallel port.
RAM:  The Ram Disk drive, a software-simulated disk drive.
CON:  A "console" window, like the Shell window.
SYS:  A Logical Device referring to the disk you booted from.

** What is a Volume?

A Volume is a disk, or a part of a disk which the system sees as a
disk. The important distinction between a Device and a Volume is that
a Device refers to the disk drive, while a Volume is the particular
disk in that drive. For hard drives, the two are usually
interchangeable, because you can't remove a disk from a hard drive,
but for floppy disks it is important to remember. A floppy disk can
end up in any floppy drive. Volume names, like Device names, end with
a colon.

A Volume will have a name, and you can name it anything you want. It
is a good idea, as with filenames, to avoid using spaces in the name.
If a disk is referred to by its Volume name, the Amiga will look for
it in all of the disk drives.

For example, if I have a floppy disk, with the volume name Stuff:, in
the first floppy drive, I can get to it by asking for the volume name
Stuff: or the device name DF0:. However, it is better to use the
Volume name; if I move the disk to the second drive, and ask for
Stuff:, the Amiga will still find it. If I ask for DF0:, however, the
Amiga will use whatever disk happens to be in DF0: at that moment, if
any.

If I ask for the disk Stuff:, and it is not present in any drive, the
Amiga will ask me to place the disk Stuff: into any drive, and wait
for me to do so. Thus, I know I'm getting the right disk.

** What is a Partition?

A Partition is a part of a disk, which is treated by the Amiga as a
separate and distinct Volume. If I have a very large hard drive, I can
split it up into two or more Partitions, and although they exist on
the same physical drive, the Amiga will treat them as though they were
separate. They might be DH0: and DH1:, and they will also have their
own unique Volume names.

** What is an Assign?

An Assign is a user-created (or software-created) name for a directory
or a device, which is treated by the Amiga as a Volume (or Device).
Like Volumes and Devices, Assigns end with a colon.

For example, if I have a directory called
DH0:wordprocessing/documents/personal/letters, I can give that
directory its own name, such as Letters:. Now, instead of having to
refer to it with the long name, I can just use Letters:.

The Amiga creates some Assigns for you when you boot it up, such as:

C:       SYS:c, where the standard DOS commands are.
LIBS:    SYS:Libs, the library files.
S:       SYS:s, where script files are kept.

Along with a few others. Many third-party programs use assigns, so
that they know where to find any data files they might need.

You can create your own assigns from the Shell, by typing:

Assign Name: directory/to/assign

** What are all these files ending in ".info"?

The .info files are the icons you see when you open a drawer on the
Workbench screen. Every file which has an icon on the Workbench screen
will have a corresponding .info file, with the same name as the file
plus the .info extension. The .info file contains the actual imagery
used for the icon, positioning information telling Workbench where to
place the icon, and some other information, depending upon what type
of icon it is.

There are five different types of icon files:  Disk, Drawer, Tool,
Project, and Garbage. The Garbage type is a special type, used for the
"Trashcan" icon.

Disk icons are used to represent disks, such as your hard drive, or a
floppy disk inserted in the floppy drive. Double-clicking on these
icons opens up a window, in which you will see any icons present in
the top-level directory of that disk.

Drawer icons represent directories on a disk. Double-clicking on them
will open a new window, with the contents of that directory. Again,
you won't see anything that doesn't have an icon associated with it,
unless you use the "View by Names" or "Show All" options on the
Workbench menu.

Tool icons are executable programs. Double-clicking on these icons
will run the program associated with the icon. These icons can contain
various information which is to be passed to the program, called "Tool
Types". For more information about Tool Types, see the Workbench
section of this FAQ.

Project icons are used for data files saved from other programs. For
example, if you create a document in a word processor, and save it out
to the hard drive, it might have a Project icon associated with it.
The Project icon will contain the name of the program used to create
the file, called the "Default Tool". If it does, double-clicking on
the icon will load up the program which created the file, and
automatically load up the file into the program.

For example, if your saved document was created in a word processor,
double-clicking on the icon will load up that word processor program,
and then the word processor will load up that document for editing.
For more information about Default Tools, see the Workbench section of
this FAQ.

** What are all these files ending in ".library"?

Any file with the extension .library is a shared library file, and
should be in your LIBS: directory. These files contain program code
which can be shared by multiple programs, and are loaded into memory
as they are needed.

The advantage of shared libraries is that programmers don't have to
reinvent the wheel when writing software. Many standard functions are
implemented in shared libraries, so all they need to do is use them.

The Operating System comes with quite a few shared libraries, allowing
programmers to use system functions in their programs. Some of the
libraries you should have in LIBS: are:

amigaguide.library       The AmigaGuide hypertext system
locale.library           Functions allowing multi-lingual programs
asl.library              Contains the standard file requesters
datatypes.library        Used by the Data Types system
mathieeedoubbas.library  Math functions

Along with some others. There are quite a few third-party libraries
available as well. The casual user shouldn't have to concern himself
with these libraries except to ensure that they are installed; any
software which requires non-standard libraries will either come with
the libraries or provide instructions on where to find them.


5. USING THE WORKBENCH

**  When I click on an "install" icon, it says "Can't open your tool
    Installer". Why?

Installer is a program used to install software onto your hard drive.
It's actually a simple programming language itself. It is used to
create an installation routine using a standard interface, so that
whenever you install a new program everything will look familiar.

Unfortunately, when you install the operating system onto your hard
drive, the Installer program is not installed for you. So, any program
using an Installer script but not including the program on its floppy
disks, expecting to find it in your C: directory, won't be able to
find it.

To solve this problem once and for all, find your Workbench Install
floppy disk. In the C directory on that floppy you will find the
Installer program. Copy it to the C directory on your hard drive.

** How do I change the image used for an icon?

You should have a program in your Tools drawer called IconEdit. You
can load an icon image into this program, alter it, and save it.

** I've formatted a Zip/EZ disk, and now I have two icons. What's
   going on?

If you wrote a Rigid Disk Block (RDB) to the Zip/EZ disk and set the
RDB to mount the Zip/EZ disk, then later you decided to use a
MountList, go back Into RDPrep and change Mount to "NO" and save the
RDB.

This will not erase the Zip/EZ disk or cause harm, but it will stop
the RDB from mounting the Zip/EZ disk and allow the MountList to do
so, provided that the only thing you change in RDPrep is whether you
want the disk to mount or not.


6. USING THE SHELL

** How do I open a Shell?

It's quite simple. Just open your boot partition's drawer and then
open the System drawer and double-click on the Shell icon.

** General Information.

This is intended for people who don't own an official AmigaDOS manual,
like owners of the A500 or early (Commodore) A1200's. This manual was
not shipped due to cost savings by Commodore.

AmigaDOS commands are normally invoked from the Shell on a command
line. You just type the command and any optional arguments on it. The
command names may be typed in upper or lower case letters because
AmigaDOS is not case-sensitive. All arguments must be separated by
spaces.

The first special case occurs when one of the arguments already
contains a space by itself, e.g. the volume name "Ram Disk". The
solution for these cases is to include the entire argument in double
quotes, e.g. "Ram Disk:tempfile" for the file "tempfile" in the RAM
disk.

** Where are the commands located?

The first place to look is in the "C:" directory, which is normally
assigned to "sys:C". In other drawers of the Workbench (partition)
you will find programs which can also be invoked from the Shell. Most
applications can also be launched from a Shell and can be followed by
any appropriate arguments.

** What are argument templates?

Just because you don't know the correct arguments that a command
accepts, that doesn't mean that you can't find out. Just type the
command name and a question mark as a single argument.

Example:  TYPE ? <return>

You will then get the following line returned, called a "template":
FROM/A/M,TO/K,OPT/K,HEX/S,NUMBER/S:

The cursor remains on the same line, so you can enter your arguments
and then press <return> to issue the command.

In the template, all possible arguments are separated by commas.

For every possible argument, you will see a list of letters after
slashes indicating certain properties:

/A this argument *must* be given, otherwise the command will refuse
   to work. In this case, it's the name of the file you want to have
   typed out.

/M you can use this argument multiple times.

/K this is an argument consisting of a keyword which has to occur in
   this form, followed by the argument. In this case, you can redirect
   the output to the printer via "to prt:" or to a file via
   "to filename"; or you can get the output with line numbers via
   "opt n" or as a hex dump via "opt h".

/S this is a switch where you only enter this name as an argument to
   modify the working of the command. In this case, "HEX" causes a hex
   dump, and "NUMBER" adds line numbers to the output.

/N this indicates that this has to be a numerical argument.

You can see that the names of the arguments in the template are more
or less self-explanatory. With a bit of experience you will easily
be able to understand the workings of unknown commands just by
studying their templates.

The order of arguments on the command line is normally free-form. Of
course, if there is a FROM and a TO argument, as in the COPY command,
you had better not mix up the order!

If there are ambiguities possible with some arguments you can always
precede your argument by its name in the template. And as a further
measure, but not a necessary one, you can link the argument name and
its actual contents by an equal sign, type:  from=s:startup-sequence

** Using escape characters.

There are several types of characters. Most of these characters are
just printable ones, like letters and figures, but several can have
very powerful meanings under certain circumstances.

  Double quotes and the asterisk.

Earlier, we discussed how double quotes are used to enclose arguments
containing spaces. From this you can immediately understand that the
quote character itself is normally ignored.

So what do you do if you want it to be recognized, as in an ECHO
command to print something that already contains quotes? In this
situation you must "escape" the quote sign with an asterisk, as it's
called:  echo "Here is a quote sign: *""

Note that the '*"' produces a '"' in the output, and the trailing
quote sign is necessary to complete the argument of the ECHO command.

Other control characters which can be produced by means of the
asterisk are:

*e normally a non-printable Escape character (dec. 27, hex $1B), which
   can be used to include ANSI Escape sequences in the ECHO or other
   string-producing commands. The available Escape sequences can be
   found in the documentation concerning the Amiga printer drivers.
   (Note:  Don't mix this up with Escape sequences found in printer
   manuals, we are talking ANSI sequences here, not Epson or HP ones!)

*N produces a newline character. This allows you to produce several
   lines of output with one single ECHO or other string-producing
   command.

** produces a single asterisk, otherwise it would be ignored

  The apostrophe.

Several characters are not normally allowed to occur in filenames,
e.g. the colon, as it signifies a volume name as part of a file path.
But there are situations where you have to access files containing
such characters, or produce them. To do this you just precede the
offending character with an apostrophe:  TYPE b'/w

This will type the contents of the file "b/w".

  The backtick.

This is a powerful mechanism. When you include a whole command, with
optional arguments, in backticks then you can use this as an argument
for another command. The command is first executed and the result is
then used as an argument. The EVAL command normally only takes two
operands:  eval 10 * `eval 3 + 4`

By using the backtick you can actually force the EVAL command to
accept more.

** I/O redirection.

The console output, what gets printed in the Shell window, of a
command can be redirected into a file for later use. For AmigaDOS
before release 2.0, the redirection had to be issued before all other
arguments. In more recent versions of AmigaDOS it can be placed later
in the command line.

list >ram:clist C:

This produces a file "ram:clist" with a listing of all files in C: and
their properties.

echo "Hello world!" >ram:hello

This produces a file "ram:hello" with the contents 'Hello world!'.

The ">" sign is used for output redirection. With the "<" sign, you
can force the use of the contents of an existing file as one of the
arguments. This is very tricky and can better be handled through the
aforementioned backtick mechanism.

You can also redirect and append material to the end of an existing
file by using the >> sign. For example:

echo "Hello world!" >>ram:hello

This adds a second line to the aforementioned ram:hello file. So, the
resulting file would look like this:

Hello world!
Hello world!

Note:  there must be no spaces between the redirection sign and its
filename.

** The powerful LFORMAT command.

LFORMAT is an option of the LIST and EVAL commands to allow a
customizable output format. E.g. you can use LIST to scan the contents
of some directory and use the filenames found in the output string.

Now you can choose this output string to look like another Shell
command. By means of asterisk escapes you can even produce multiple
lines/commands per found file (or directory). You can then redirect
this output to a file and EXECUTE this file afterwards to achieve a
certain automatic action.

To find out all templates of the commands in C:, you can do this:

  list c: lformat="echo *"*n%n*"*n%n ?" >ram:x
  failat 21
  execute ram:x
  delete ram:x ; Clean up

For every file in C:, this generates an empty line (the first '*n'),
then the name of the file (the first '%n'). All of this is accomplished
by use of an ECHO command. In the next line is the filename itself
followed by a question mark.

All of this is redirected to the file 'ram:x'. Before execution, the
error level is set to 21, because during execution you will be
prompted to press the Return key for every command (most commands will
break a script with an error when an argument is not provided.)

The '%n' generates the filename in the LFORMAT string. Similarly,

%p = relative path, %l = file length (or 'Dir' for a directory),
%a = protection bits, %b as %l but in blocks, %d = file date,
%e = file extension (after a dot), f% = absolute path,
k% = key (header) block, %m = file name without (last) extension,
%n = file name, %s = file name, %s%s = relative path + file name,
%t = file time

** What are some of the most basic AmigaDOS commands I should know?

dir (this will display the files that are in the current directory)

cd <dir or device name> (this will switch the Shell to the specified
                         directory name or device. Remember, a device
                         must always be followed by a colon (:)  This
                         command is not necessary when using Workbench
                         2.x+. You can just type the directory or
                         device name at the Shell prompt.)

avail (this will display the RAM available in your machine)

copy from <name of file dir or device> to <destination>
          (this command allows you to copy files from one place to
           another.)

delete <name of dir or file> (this command will delete the specified
                              file(s) from the device.)

ed <filename> (this command will invoke the Amiga's editor program so
               that you can modify an existing script, or create a new
               one.)

info (displays information about all mounted devices on your system.)

makedir <name> (this command will create a directory of the specified
                name on the current device.)

why (this will print out an error message as to why the previous
     command failed.)

These are only the most basic AmigaDOS commands. See your manual for
further commands and possible options to the above commands.


7. SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION

** How do I make the floppy drive stop all that clicking?

There are quite a few easy solutions to the annoying drive click. Here
is a list of what I found on Aminet:

clicknot373.lha  disk/misc   3K
DOSPrefs22.lha   util/boot  25K
KillClick2.lha   util/boot   3K
NoClick.lha      util/boot   4K
NonClick-106.lzh util/boot  21K
tdx.lha          util/boot   6K
NoClick10.lha    util/cdity 10K
SetNoClick.lha   util/misc   6K

** How do I keep lame install scripts from overwriting my LIBS: with
   older versions of libraries than I already have?

Make a new directory called NewLibs, like this:

makedir sys:NewLibs

Load your S:startup-sequence into a text editor, such as C:ed, and
find the line:

Assign >NIL: LIBS: SYS:Classes ADD

Change this line so it reads:

Assign >NIL: LIBS: SYS:NewLibs SYS:Libs SYS:Classes

Now (after you reboot your computer, of course) any program which
installs libraries in LIBS: will put them in your NewLibs directory
instead of the main Libs directory, so your old library files won't be
overwritten. The newly installed version will be found first when
libraries are loaded. Once you determine that the library that was
installed is newer, or that you didn't already have it, you can move
it to the Libs directory like this:

copy SYS:NewLibs/whatever.library SYS:Libs
delete SYS:NewLibs/whatever.library

Nowadays, though, most install scripts will check the version first
before overwriting your files. However, there are still some naughty
programmers out there that ignore this golden rule, so be careful.

** How do I know what version a library is?

Use the AmigaDOS Version command. Like this:

version whatever.library

This will give you the version number of the library. If you have more
than one with the same name, for example if you use the technique in
the previous answer, you will get the version of the one found first,
or if one is loaded in memory you will get the version of that one.

In that case, to get the version of a specific library file, use the
full path name, and the FILE switch for the version command like this:

version SYS:Libs/whatever.library FILE

That will give you the version of the library in the main Libs
directory, regardless of any other versions you may have in other
directories.


8. UPGRADES

** Can I use an Iomega Zip or SyQuest EZ drive on my Amiga?

Yes, you can use the SCSI version of either drive, if you have a SCSI
controller, and it will work just like any other SCSI drive. You can
get a software package called Zip Tools from HiSoft, which will make
life a little easier with the Zip drive, but you don't actually need
it. There are no such programs for the EZ drive. Just format the drive
with HDToolbox, or another hard disk partitioning program, and it will
work.

You can NOT use the parallel port version of either drive on the
Amiga. No, it is not due to lack of driver software. The Amiga's
parallel port is physically different from the PC's, so it is not
possible to use the parallel Zip or EZ drive.

** What's the most cost-effective way to make my unexpanded Amiga
   faster?

If you don't have any FAST RAM, which an unexpanded Amiga 500, 600,
1200, or 2000 won't have, adding some is the best single upgrade you
cam make to your machine. Adding 4 MBs of FAST RAM to a standard
A1200 with 2 MBs of CHIP RAM will double the speed of the machine, at
least in interactive response.

Keep in mind, though, that if you add a RAM-only expansion to the
trapdoor of an A1200, you won't be able to install an accelerator in
there without removing the RAM board. The best plan is to do both at
the same time.

** What kind of hard drives work with the built-in controller in the
   A1200?

The A1200 has an IDE controller built in. It has a 44-pin connector
which is designed for 2.5 inch IDE drives. There are also adaptors
available for 3.5 inch drives. The power for the larger hard drive
is then taken from the floppy drive power connector. Be sure that
the hard drive you want to install is slim enough to fit into your
A1200.

So, it is possible to use 3.5 inch drives with an A1200; however,
there have been some power supply and heat related problems reported
by some users. If you want to remain on the safe side, stick to a
2.5 inch hard drive, otherwise you can opt for a, usually cheaper,
3.5 inch drive.

** My accelerator can take 72-pin SIMMs. What kind do I need? What
   about parity & EDO?

If you have a board which can use standard 72-pin SIMM modules, you
can use any standard PC SIMMs. Check your hardware documentation to
see if a specific minimum speed is needed, but in most cases 70 ns
should be fast enough.

Parity makes no difference in the Amiga, since the Amiga doesn't use
it. You can use a parity or non-parity SIMM.

EDO makes no difference in the Amiga, since the Amiga doesn't use it.
You can use EDO or standard SIMMs, but you won't see any advantage
with EDO.


9. THIRD-PARTY SOFTWARE

** What is MUI?

MUI stands for Magic User Interface. MUI is a system for creating and
maintaining graphical user interfaces. It allows programmers to create
a powerful GUI easily and quickly, with far less effort than it would
take to code it from scratch. It also allows the user to customize the
interface to personal taste.

Programs which use MUI require the MUI "user" system to be installed
on the user's machine. The archive comes with an Installer script. It
can be found on Aminet, at util/libs/muixxusr.lha (xx = latest version
number.)

MUI is shareware. The registered version allows you to configure the
GUI's of any MUI programs almost any way you want; the unregistered
version has limited configuration options, but is completely usable.
You are allowed to use the unregistered version as long as you want;
you only have to pay if you want the extra options.

** Why is everyone always arguing about MUI?

Short answer:  Because they don't have anything better to do.

Basically, MUI has its good and bad points. People on both
sides like to argue about it; the pro-MUI camp seems to feel that they
can convince everyone in the entire world to use MUI, while the
anti-MUI people try to blot it out of existence. Neither side will
succeed, and the arguments have never done any good and will never
do any good.

Here are the arguments on both sides, so that you can forever ignore
MUI flamewars on the newsgroups:

Pro-MUI:

- MUI looks nice.
- MUI standardizes the user interface from program to program.
- MUI offers features not present in GadTools or BOOPSI interfaces.
- MUI code is shared among multiple MUI programs running at the same
      time, saving on memory.
- MUI allows easy GUI development, making the software development
      process faster, and allowing the programmer to concentrate on
      the "important" parts of the program.

Anti-MUI:

- MUI wastes lots of hard-drive space.
- MUI is big and uses entirely too much memory.
- MUI is very slow, especially on an unaccelerated machine.
- MUI sometimes doesn't give the user instant feedback.
- You have to have the MUI software installed in order to use any MUI
  programs.

There. Now you know. Now you can avoid participating in useless MUI
flamewars.

** What is Directory Opus?

Directory Opus is a file-management program, and much more. It can be
used for anything from straightforward file copying and moving, to
running programs, and any number of other things. In fact, the latest
version, 5.x, can be installed as a replacement for Workbench.

Opus is highly customizable. If you want to spend the time with it,
you could make it do just about anything you like. You can create
banks of buttons, and attach actions to those buttons, including
built-in actions, running external programs, ARexx scripts, FTP from
one lister window to another, look inside of LhA archives and read
text files or pull single files out of the archive without actually
unpacking the whole mess, etc.

It is a commercial program by Jon Potter & GPSoftware, and costs
somewhere around US$80. An older version of Directory Opus 5 can also
be found on the AminetSet 4 CD. It should be owned by every Amiga
user!

You can read my review of Directory Opus 5.6 in Amiga Report magazine
issue 5.07 (ar507.lha), which is available on the Aminet in the
docs/mags directory, or you can read it in the November 1997 issue of
Amazing Amiga Computing magazine.

** What is Executive?

Executive is a task-scheduler. It manages the multitasking of the
Amiga in a better way than the operating system does, giving more CPU
time to interactive programs and less to background programs, so that,
even when you are running many programs in the background, you can
still use your computer without it bogging down. It even, in my
experience, increases the interactive response time of the computer.

Executive is not a "hack"; it is system-friendly. It is shareware. You
can obtain the demo version from Aminet, at util/misc/Executive.lha.

** What is ixemul.library?

The ixemul.library is a shared library which emulates the functions of
a Unix system, so that many Unix programs can be ported to the Amiga
with few or no changes. Unix programs ported using this library will
require that you have the library installed on your system. If you're
interested in any of these programs you can just install the library
in your LIBS: directory and they will work.

ixemul also comes with another library, ixnet.library, which handles
networking with AmiTCP, Inet225, Miami, etc.

** What is ADE?

ADE stands for Amiga Developers Environment. It is a collection of
software tools, most of which are ports of GNU Unix software. Although
the ADE is mainly meant for software developers, it contains many
useful programs for users as well, especially Shell users. If you like
Unix you will find many familiar programs in ADE.

The main ADE ftp site is ftp.ninemoons.com, in the pub/ade directory.
The most recent snapshot can be found in the directory "current",
which is a link to the actual location.


10. THE INTERNET

** What kind of modems will work with the Amiga?

Any standard PC modem will work. The one thing you have to keep in
mind is that many newer PC's have 9-pin serial ports, and your Amiga
has a 25-pin port. So, you will need a cable to plug in to a 25-pin
port. Since most modems have 25-pin ports, the cable you will most
likely need is a 25-pin-to-25-pin modem cable. However, if you have
an ioExtender or MultiFace card in your Amiga then you probably
already have a 9-pin serial port connector. You can read my review of
the ioExtender board in Amiga Report magazine issue 2.33 (ar233.lha),
which is available on the Aminet in the docs/mags directory.

** How fast can I make the serial port go?

The Amiga's serial port is outdated, and not as fast as a PC's port.
Actually, the biggest problem is in the buffering; the Amiga's serial
port has only a one-byte buffer.

However, you should be able to run the serial port at 38,400 bits per
second with no problem (if you have a 68000 processor this may still
be too fast, but has been known to work fine). Use a 4-color screen,
because the more colors you use, the more processor time is used to
display the screen (unless you are using a graphics board).

If your machine is very fast, you can probably drive the modem even
faster. Try it out, and see what speed gives you no errors. I can run
57,600 on my A2000, with an 030, most of the time before I purchased
an ioExtender.

Purchasing a fast serial port card, such as the ioExtender or
MultiFace card, will enable you to drive your modem's serial port
connection at rates as high as 115,200. This is highly recommended if
you are planning on using a 28.8k, 33.6k, or 56k modem.

** But the Serial Preferences editor doesn't go up that high!

Forget about the Serial Prefs. I've never even touched mine. Set the
port speed with whatever communication software you are using and it
will override the settings in Serial Prefs.

** What is LhA? How do I use all these files with .lha extensions?

LhA is a compression and archiving program. It takes a bunch of files,
squashes them, and stores them all in one file. LhA archives have the
extension .lha on the filenames.

To decompress them you need the LhA program. It is available on
Aminet at util/arc/LhA_e138.run. This is a self-extracting archive;
execute it as a program and it will decompress for you. Then take the
LhA program and put it in your C: directory, or wherever else you like
to keep CLI programs (but make sure it's in your DOS search path).

To decompress an LhA archive from the Shell, type:

lha x <archive-name>

** What is Aminet?

Aminet is the central source for Amiga shareware, freeware, public
domain, and demo software. Just about every non-commercial Amiga
program can be found on Aminet, as well as demo versions of many
commercial products.

The main ftp site for Aminet is ftp.wustl.edu, and the archive is
mirrored at other sites all over the world, so you can use whichever
is closest to you. All of the mirror sites are organized the same way,
so any files on Aminet will be referred to by their place in the
directory structure.

The Aminet archive is also available on CD-ROMs, which should be
available from most Amiga dealers.

** Where are the Aminet mirror sites?

Here is the list of full mirrors, taken straight from Aminet
(pub/aminet):

 Country           Address            IP Address

Australia    mirror.livewire.com.au  203.16.26.21
Germany      ftp.uni-paderborn.de    131.234.22.34
Italy        ftp.cised.unina.it      192.132.34.17
Sweden       ftp.sunet.se            130.238.253.4
UK           sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk    193.63.255.4
USA          ftp.wustl.edu           128.252.135.4

** How is Aminet organized?

Aminet is divided into directories which contain subdirectories within them,
with the exception of the new, priv, and recent directories.

Top-level directories in Aminet:

biz/        Business software
comm/       Communications
demo/       Gfx and sound demos
dev/        Development software
disk/       Disk/Harddisk tools
docs/       Text documents
game/       Games
gfx/        Graphics
hard/       Hardware
info/       General FTP information
misc/       Miscellaneous
mods/       Music modules
mus/        Musical software
new/        Upload area
pix/        Pictures
priv/       Private uploads
recent/     Files uploaded the last seven days
text/       Text related
util/       Utilities

** Can I run Netscape Navigator?

Quite possibly.

 No, really, can I run Netscape Navigator?

Well, actually, you can run the Macintosh version, if you have the
Shapeshifter Mac emulator installed on your machine. See the
Shapeshifter question in the Dealing With Other Platforms section.

The source code for Netscape Navigator is being released so that ports
can be made to other platforms that were formerly unsupported. I have
no doubt that some enterprising Amiga programmers will pounce on this
and a port of Netscape Navigator will appear on the Amiga in the near
future.

** Netscape is evil. I want an Amiga browser.

There are several good web browsers available for the Amiga. Some of
the most popular are:  AWeb-II, VoyagerNG, and Ibrowse.


11. DEALING WITH OTHER PLATFORMS

** Can I read Amiga disks on a PC?

You can't make a PC read Amiga disks. The format is physically
different, and anyway there is no PC software to support it.

** Well, then, can my Amiga read PC disks?

Of course. The Amiga is much more flexible than the PC.

If you have OS 2.1 or later, you have a program called CrossDOS, which
allows you to read, write, and format MS-DOS disks. If you have a
standard, double-density floppy drive (880k), you will only be able to
use double-density DOS disks (720k). If you have a high-density floppy
drive (1.76 MB) you can use high-density DOS disks (1.44 MB) too. If
you are going to be transferring a lot of files from Amiga to DOS and
back again, a high-density floppy drive would be a good investment
because that is the standard on the PC, and of course because they
hold almost twice as much information.

In order to use CrossDOS to read and write DOS disks, you will first
need to mount the device. If you look in the drawer called "Storage"
on your system hard drive, you will see another drawer called
"DOSDrivers". Inside there should be an icon called "PC0".

Double-clicking on this icon will mount the PC0: device. Now, if you
install an MS-DOS floppy disk into your first floppy drive (DF0:) it
will appear as PC0: and you will be able to use it just like any other
floppy disk. Of course, you have to limit your filenames to the
eight-character plus three-character extension ("8.3") used by MS-DOS.

If you want the PC0: device to be mounted automatically every time you
boot your Amiga, all you need to do is move the PC0: icon to the
other DOSDrivers drawer, located in the Devs drawer. If the icon is
there, it will be mounted for you whenever you boot. (If you don't
know how to do this, see the section about moving and copying files,
in the "Basic Operations" section.)

** Can the Amiga read Macintosh disks?

Yes, but it's a little more complex than PC disks. There are
commercial packages such as CrossMac which will allow you to
read Mac disks. However, the older Mac double-density disk drives
used a proprietary format which is not readable using a standard
floppy drive; to read these you will need a special Mac drive.

High-density Mac disks will be readable with a standard Amiga
high-density floppy drive, using CrossMac or other software.

** Can I transfer files from Amiga to Mac and vice-versa without
   getting special software like CrossMac?

Yes. This is actually the easiest way to get files from Amiga to Mac
and back again. The Macintosh can read MS-DOS disks, and so can the
Amiga, so all you need to do is put your information on an MS-DOS disk
for the transfer.

On the Amiga side, proceed according to the instructions above on
reading and writing MS-DOS disks. On the Mac side, if you are using
System 7.5 or later, the system should be set up to read MS-DOS disks
automatically. Under System 7.0, you need to use the Apple File
Exchange program to transfer the files from the MS-DOS disk to the Mac
hard drive.

** When I transfer graphics from the Amiga to the PC/Mac, they end up
   squashed! When I transfer them from a PC/Mac to the Amiga, they end
   up elongated vertically! What do I do?

The reason for this is because the Mac and the PC use square pixels,
while the Amiga uses rectangular pixels the same as video images.
Pictures transferred from one to the other will end up with a
different aspect ratio.

Going from the PC/Mac to the Amiga, the pictures will end up looking
taller than they are supposed to. Use an image processing program, on
either system, to scale the image vertically to 83% of the original
height.

If you're going in the other direction, scale vertically to 117% of
the original height.

** When I transfer a text file from the Amiga to the PC, it comes
   out all messed up, like it doesn't know where the lines are
   supposed to end. What do I do?

The Amiga uses a Linefeed character (LF) to indicate End-Of-Line, like
any decent computer should. MS-DOS and Windows, however, use a
Carriage Return followed by a Linefeed (CR/LF).

The CrossDOS program on the Amiga knows about this. Before you
transfer your file to the MS-DOS disk, you need to enable "Text
Translation". Go to the Tools drawer, open the Commodities drawer, and
double-click the CrossDOS icon. A window should pop up. Select PC0:,
and check the boxes for "Text Translation" and "Text Filtering". Now,
when you save your Amiga text file to the MS-DOS disk, it will have
the proper end-of-line characters.

** What is Shapeshifter?

Shapeshifter is a software Macintosh emulator. It is shareware, and
the demo version is available on Aminet. It will allow you to run Mac
software on your Amiga.

To run Shapeshifter you will need:  an 020 or better processor, at
least 4 MBs of RAM (though at least 8 would be nice), OS 2.1 or
later, and a Macintosh ROM image file. If you are using an 020 or 030
processor you can use a 512K Mac ROM; an 040 or 060 will need a 1 MB
ROM. Of course, you will also need the Mac OS System software.

To read Macintosh floppies, which are almost all high-density these
days, you'll need a high-density floppy drive. Also, the graphics will
not be very fast without a graphics board installed.

These are fairly hefty hardware requirements, but bear in mind that
this gives you a fully-functional Macintosh inside your Amiga.

** What? Where do I get a Mac ROM from?

Shapeshifter comes with a Mac program which captures the ROM image
into a file for use with the emulation. You could grab the image from
a friend's Mac, or from a machine at your school, but of course that
would be illegal.

Your best bet, I would think, would be to purchase a Mac ROM from an
Apple dealer. Of course, you need a complete, working Mac to grab the
image. So, having fulfilled your legal obligation by buying the chip,
now go and grab the image from whatever Mac you can find. I think this
would be legal, but I take no responsibility if Apple breaks down your
door. :-)


12. AMIGA MAGAZINES

** What is Amazing Amiga Computing (Informer) magazine and how can I
   get it?

Amazing Amiga Computing (Informer) is the only remaining North
American print magazine dedicated solely to the Amiga. Amiga Informer
magazine has merged with Amazing Amiga to form a single magazine.

You can subscribe to the magazine by contacting them in the following
ways:

Phone:  [phone]
        1-508-678-4200

Fax:    [phone]

WWW:    http://www.pimpub.com


Subscription Rates (12 monthly issues):  $24 (US)
                                         $34 (Canada & Mexico)
                                         $44 (Foreign Surface)

All payments must be in US funds on a US bank. All foreign rates are
one-year only.

Hey, please tell them that Bill Near sent you! :-)


- GLOSSARY -

AGA - Advanced Graphics Architecture Chip Set.

AmigaDOS - The Amiga's disk-based command set, accessible
           via the CLI or Shell.

AmigaGuide - The Amiga's hypertext application.

Application - A software program.

Archiving - Placing a file or group of files into another
            file, often reducing its size, for temporary storage.

ARexx - A script-based programming language for communication
        within programs and/or the CLI or Shell.

Boing! - An Amiga demo designed to run on the A1000 in 1985.
         The Boing! ball is a red and white checkerboard sphere
         that bounces around the screen and casts a shadow.

BOOPSI - Object oriented programming for Intuition.

Boot Block - The area of a disk that defines whether the disk
             is capable of loading itself automatically.

Cache - A buffer used to increase access rates to a device.

Chip RAM - RAM accessible only by the custom chip set.

CLI - AmigaDOS Command Line Interface for accessing DOS.

Commodity - A preference program accessed by the Commodities
            Exchange.

Compression - To reduce the size of a file by removing repetitive
              patterns and replacing them with a code.

Cursor - A symbol used to mark the location of activity by
         the user.

CPU - Central Processing Unit.

CPU Slot - An expansion slot designed to provide simple upgrades
           to the Central Processing Unit for faster computer
           operations.

Daughterboard - An expansion board that plugs into a main
                processor board.

Data Type - A file format structure that allows any program to
            access various file formats.

Decompression - To make a file readable by returning it to its
                original form after decoding a file of codes.

DOS - Disk Operating System.

Driver - A software file that defines how to use a hardware
         device, such as a printer.

ECS - Enhanced Chip Set.

Editor - Program that allows modification of text files.

Emulator - A software or hardware combination that allows one
           computer to run software written for another computer.

EuroDemo - A program written primarily in Europe to demonstrate
           the capabilities of the animation and sound of the
           Amiga.

Fast RAM - RAM not accessible by the custom chip set, but from
           other devices and processors.

FFS - Fast File System disk file storage system.

FPS - Frames Per Second that an animation or video is displayed.

FPU - Floating Point Unit.

Gadget - An area of a window that accepts input from the keyboard
         or mouse.

Hard Drive - Any hardware device that uses disks that are not
             flexible or bendable.

Hardware - Electronic computer devices.

Icon - A picture on the Workbench that can be manipulated in
       order to manipulate a file that it represents.

IDE - A format for hard drive expansion buses.

IFF - Interchange File Format for storing pictures and sounds.

Interlace - A screen display mode that has double the vertical
            resolution.

Intuition - The Amiga's graphics environment.

Kickstart - The Amiga's operating system.

Library - A collection of compiled routines that can be
          accessed by more than one application.

Locale - The Amiga's multi-lingual environment.

Memory - The area where data is stored temporarily in order to
         work with programs and any software.

Menu Button - The right mouse button.

MMU - Memory Management Unit.

Motherboard - The computer hardware that contains the chips and
              expansion required to operate a computer.

Mouse - A device used to control the sprite cursor on the screen.

MUI - Magic User Interface.

NTSC - A North American television broadcast standard.

OCS - Original Chip Set.

OS - Operating System, the set of commands in the computer.

Overscan - The area surrounding the visible screen that is unused
           or available using the Overscan preference program.

PAL - A primarily European television broadcast standard.

Palette - The selection of colors made available to a screen.

PCMCIA - An expansion bus using small credit-card like memory
         storage units.

Pixel - A small colored dot used to create any image.

Priority - A value assigned to a task to determine how frequently
           it may have access to the CPU or devices.

RAD - A fixed size RAM disk that survives a warm reboot.

RAM - Random Access Memory. Temporary data storage area of
      computer chips.

Resolution - The measure of the number of pixels used in a screen.

ROM - Read Only Memory. Permanent data storage area of computer
      chips.

RTG - Retargetable Graphics, allowing any graphics board to
      have direct support by the operating system.

Screen - A rectangular display area with an independent palette
         and an independent resolution.

Script - List of commands in a text file, such as for AmigaDOS,
         which can be executed in order.

SCSI - Small Computer System Interface, a format for hard drive
       expansion buses.

Shared Library - Set of routines that may be accessed by many
                 executable programs simultaneously.

Shell - Enhanced CLI for accessing DOS commands.

Slow-Fast RAM - Fast RAM added to the second 512k of an Amiga 500
                via the Trapdoor expansion bus.

Software - Information stored and altered on various media.

Sprite - A graphics object that moves freely between screens.

Startup-sequence - An AmigaDOS script that is executed when
                   the Amiga boots. This script sets up the
                   hardware and other functions of the system.

Surface Mount - A computer chip that is soldered to a motherboard
                and cannot be removed easily.

Trapdoor - Internal expansion bus on the A500, A600, and A1200
           allowing cards to be added beneath the keyboard without
           opening the computer's case.

Video Slot - An expansion slot that permits access to video devices
             and Zorro slots simultaneously.

Warm Reboot - To reset the computer without turning the power off,
              using the CTRL-LAMIGA-RAMIGA key sequence. Also
              known as, the 3-fingered salute.

Window - A portion of a screen defined by a rectangular border.

Workbench - The Amiga's graphic oriented file manipulation
            program.

Zorro Slot - An expansion slot in 16-bit or 32-bit wide data paths
             for adding hardware to the Amiga.
------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright 1996,97,98,99 William Near, [e-mail]

You may copy or republish this document in electronic form provided it
is complete and unchanged, no money is charged for it, and proper
credit is given.

Please Email me and let me know that you wish to do so.

$VER:comp.sys.amiga.introduction_FAQ 2.1 (1.3.99)

--
|  Bill Near ~ Team AMIGA ~ Jay Miner Society (treasurer)  |
|                                                          |
| "The WWW is exciting because Micro$oft doesn't own it,   |
| and therefore, there's a tremendous amount of innovation |
| happening" - Steve Jobs.                                 |